Acute Cystitis

What is acute cystitis?

Acute cystitis (ah-kyute sis-tie-tis) is an infection of your bladder.

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“Acute” means that the infection develops suddenly and rises sharply.

Is acute cystitis the same as a UTI?

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of your urinary system. A UTI may affect one or more parts of your urinary system, which includes your kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra.

Acute cystitis is an infection that only affects your bladder.

What is acute cystitis with hematuria?

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In some cases of acute cystitis, you may have blood in your pee (hematuria). In cases of acute cystitis with hematuria, the hematuria may be either gross or microscopic.

Microscopic hematuria is when you have blood cells in your pee that your healthcare provider can only see with a microscope. Your pee looks pale or deep yellow.

Gross hematuria is when you have enough blood in your pee that you can see it with your naked eye. Your pee may look pink or red.

Who does acute cystitis affect?

Anyone can get acute cystitis. However, those 65 and older, as well as women and people assigned female at birth (AFAB), are more likely to develop acute cystitis.

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There are many reasons why women and people AFAB are more likely to have acute cystitis. These include:

Shorter urethra. The urethra is the tube through which pee leaves your body. In women and people AFAB, the urethra is 1 to 2 inches (in) long. In men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB), the urethra is about 6 inches long. Bacteria can enter your body through your meatus (the opening of your urethra). In women and people AFAB, bacteria have a shorter distance to travel to infect them compared to men and people AMAB.
Urethra location. In women and people AFAB, the urethra is closer to the rectum. The proximity increases the chances of infection. Your rectum holds feces (poop), which contains bacteria that may cause acute cystitis.
Sexual intercourse. Sexual intercourse and other forms of sexual contact allow bacteria around the vagina to enter the urethra.
Certain types of birth control. Some types of birth control (contraception) may increase your chances of developing acute cystitis. Spermicidal gels, creams, foams and suppositories may irritate your vagina and promote bacterial growth. Diaphragms are round pieces of flexible rubber with rigid rims. You insert a diaphragm into your vagina, and it rests against your cervix. A diaphragm may push against your urethra, making it difficult to completely empty your bladder when peeing. Bacteria can grow in the urine that remains in your bladder.

The following may also increase your odds of getting acute cystitis:

Urinary catheters.
Diabetes.
Fecal incontinence.
An enlarged prostate or blockages that affect your urethra.
Pregnancy.

How common is acute cystitis?

Acute cystitis is common.

Approximately 40% of women and people AFAB will have acute cystitis or a bacterial infection in another part of their urinary tract at some point in their lives. People who have gone through menopause (postmenopausal) may be more likely to get acute cystitis. When estrogen levels decline after menopause, bacteria multiply. Vaginal tissue also thins, which makes it easier for bacteria to enter the urethra.

Approximately 12% of men and people AMAB will have acute cystitis or a bacterial infection in another part of their tract at some point in their lives.

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