What are the symptoms of mononucleosis?
Mononucleosis symptoms vary, and they can be mild or severe. They tend to come on gradually. If you get sick with mono, it’ll probably happen four to six weeks after you come in contact with Epstein-Barr virus. These symptoms may last for four weeks or longer:
- Extreme tiredness (fatigue).
- Fever.
- Sore throat.
- Swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits or groin.
- Headaches.
- Loss of appetite.
- Muscle aches or weakness.
- Rash.
- Enlarged spleen or enlarged liver.
What causes mononucleosis?
The Epstein-Barr virus causes over 90% of infectious mononucleosis cases. Other viruses and certain infections may also bring on the illness. The symptoms can develop because of:
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- Adenovirus.
- Cytomegalovirus (CMV).
- Hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV).
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
- Rubella.
- Toxoplasmosis.
How contagious is mononucleosis?
Viruses that cause mononucleosis are very contagious. You can pick them up through contact with an infected person’s bodily fluids, including saliva. These viruses spread through:
- Blood transfusions.
- Coughing or sneezing.
- Kissing.
- Sharing food, drinks or eating utensils.
- Organ transplants.
- Sexual contact.
Is mono a sexually transmitted infection?
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Epstein-Barr is a type of herpes virus. It’s different than the herpes simplex virus (HSV) that causes genital and oral herpes. Both viruses can be sexually transmitted. However, EBV is more likely to spread through other means like sharing drinks or kissing.
Can you have mononucleosis twice?
The Epstein-Barr virus stays in your body in an inactive form even after mononucleosis symptoms go away. But most people develop mono only once.
If EBV reactivates, it rarely causes symptoms. However, you may unknowingly spread the reactivated virus to others. And people with weakened immune systems may develop mono symptoms more than once.
Who might get mononucleosis?
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There are two peaks when people acquire EBV: early school-age children and again around adolescence/young adulthood. Young children often don’t have symptoms, whereas teenagers and people in their 20s are most likely to get mono. About 1 in 4 people in this age group who get EBV come down with mono, but anyone can get it, no matter their age.
What are the complications of this condition?
Mononucleosis symptoms tend to gradually improve in about four weeks. Feelings of fatigue can linger for months. Some people miss some school or work as they recover.
An enlarged spleen that ruptures (bursts) is the biggest concern with mono in previously healthy people. This gland in your upper left abdomen (belly) helps filter blood. If your spleen bursts, it can bleed into your abdomen. Internal bleeding from a ruptured spleen can be life-threatening and requires emergency surgery.
To avoid a ruptured spleen, your healthcare provider may tell you to avoid strenuous exercise, contact sports and heavy lifting until you feel better.
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