Recommendations
CDC and Medical Professionals Recommend COVID-19 Vaccination for People Who Want to Have Children
Professional medical organizations12345 serving people of reproductive age, including adolescents, emphasize that there is no evidence that COVID-19 vaccination causes problems with fertility.
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Pregnancy After Vaccination
Many people have become pregnant after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine, including some who got vaccinated during COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials678. In addition, a recent report using the COVID-19 vaccine pregnancy safety monitoring system data showed that 4,804 people had a positive pregnancy test after receiving the first dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Another report using data from eight U.S. healthcare systems documented more than 1,000 people who completed COVID-19 vaccination (with any COVID-19 vaccine) before becoming pregnant.
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No Evidence That COVID-19 Vaccines Affect Fertility
There is currently no evidence that vaccine ingredients or antibodies made following COVID-19 vaccination would cause any problems with becoming pregnant now or in the future.
- Recent studies have found no differences in pregnancy success rates among women who had antibodies from COVID-19 vaccines or from a recent COVID-19 infection and women who had no antibodies, including for patients undergoing assisted reproductive technology procedures (for example, in vitro fertilization)91011.
- A study of more than 2,000 females aged 21-45 years and their partners found that COVID-19 vaccination of either partner did not affect the likelihood of becoming pregnant12.
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Like with all vaccines, scientists continue to study COVID-19 vaccines carefully and will continue to report findings as they become available.
Limited, Temporary Impact of COVID-19 Vaccines on Menstrual Cycles
Results from recent research studies1314151617 show that people who menstruate may not observe any changes or they may observe small and temporary changes in their periods after COVID-19 vaccination, including:
- Longer-lasting menstrual periods
- Shorter intervals between periods
- Heavier bleeding than usual
Despite these temporary changes in menstruation, there is no evidence that COVID-19 vaccines cause fertility problems.
Research Studies of Fertility in Healthy Men
- Currently, there is no evidence that shows vaccines, including COVID-19 vaccines, cause male fertility problems. A recent small study of 45 healthy men who received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine looked at sperm characteristics, like quantity and movement, before and after vaccination. Researchers found no significant changes in these sperm characteristics after vaccination.18
- However, one study12 found that COVID-19 infection may be associated with a decline in fertility for men for up to 60 days after infection.
- Fever from any illness has been associated with a short-term decrease in sperm production19 in healthy men. Although fever can be a side effect of COVID-19 vaccination, there is no current evidence that fever after COVID-19 vaccination affects sperm production. Fever is also a common symptom of COVID-19 infection.
Safety Monitoring
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COVID-19 vaccines are undergoing the most intense safety monitoring in U.S. history. Data continue to accumulate and show that COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective for use before and during pregnancy.
Managing Side Effects
If you have side effects after COVID-19 vaccination, talk to your healthcare provider about taking over-the-counter medicine, such as ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or antihistamines, for any pain or discomfort you may experience, including fever. You can take these medications to relieve short-term side effects after getting vaccinated if you have no medical reasons to avoid taking these medications.
Fever, for any reason, has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Fever in pregnancy may be treated with acetaminophen as needed, and in consultation with a healthcare provider. It is not recommended you take these medicines before vaccination to try to prevent side effects.
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