UPS systems are grouped by topology, which refers to how the UPS and utility power work together. This translates to the level of efficiency and reliability you can expect from your power source. There are five main types of UPS topologies:
Standby UPS systems enable equipment to operate using utility power until it identifies an issue, at which point it switches to battery power to protect against power sags, surges or outages. This topology is ideal for applications that require basic backup or less sensitive equipment such as small office/home office and point-of-sale equipment. Standby UPS systems switch to battery power when abnormal line voltages are detected, which safeguards equipment, but only for as long as the battery backup runtime lasts. However, in locations where voltage issues are frequent, the battery’s lifespan may be shortened due to the frequent switching to battery power and associated recharging cycles.
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Line-interactive UPS systems actively regulate voltage by boosting or decreasing utility power as necessary, or by resorting to battery power. They are ideal for applications where protection from power anomalies is required, but the utility power is relatively clean. These systems include a feature called automatic voltage regulation (AVR) to correct abnormal voltages without switching to battery. The UPS system detects when input voltage is too low or too high and automatically adjusts the voltage by a set percentage before passing it to connected equipment. Line-interactive UPS systems typically regulate output within 10-15% of the nominal voltage. Some low-cost models only correct low voltages, and the specifications of the UPS system will indicate which voltages are regulated by AVR. This topology is commonly used in main distribution frame (MDF) and intermediate distribution frame (IDF) communication closets, non-centralized server and network rooms, and general IT enclosures.
Online UPS systems use a technology called double conversion to provide the highest level of protection by isolating equipment from raw utility power, converting power from AC to DC and back to AC. This double conversion method provides zero transfer time to battery for sensitive equipment, as the electricity is already coming from the UPS. Therefore, the online, double conversion UPS topology is best suited for mission-critical equipment and locations with poor or highly unreliable utility power. Online UPS systems provide the most precise regulation of output voltage and the strongest protection against abnormal input voltage, making them ideal for devices that are especially sensitive to power quality. Online UPS systems can accept the widest range of input voltages and typically regulate output within 2-3% of the nominal voltage. However, the high-speed cooling fans may be too loud for quiet home and office environments. It’s recommended to contact Eaton before selecting an online UPS for a desktop application.
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Ferroresonant UPSs operate similarly to line-interactive UPSs with the exception that a ferroresonant transformer is used to condition the output and hold energy long enough to cover the time between switching from line power to battery power. This effectively means a no-break transfer. Many ferroresonant UPSs are 82-88 percent efficient and offer excellent isolation. Although no longer the dominant type of UPS, these robust units are still used in industrial settings such as the oil and gas, petrochemical, chemical, utility and heavy industry markets.
Multi-mode UPS systems are considered the best choice for companies looking to achieve an optimal balance of efficiency and protection. The two modes within these UPSs are a high-efficiency, eco-mode and a premium power protection mode. The UPS can switch between these two modes automatically when it detects problems in the utility power. This functionality can save a significant amount in operating expenses.
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